Saint Clement's Church
A medieval church built in about 1225, dedicated to the seafarers' saint particularly revered by Danish settlers in the Viking and late Anglo-Saxon era. Rebuilt in 1885-86 by Rev. Henry Usher, from the original stones.
St. Clement's Church in about 2012
St. Clement's Significance to the Local Medieval Danish Population
Danelaw
There was a flourishing Danish community at Saltfleetby, during the Viking era, in Britian from about the 9th century until 1066. The spindle whorl found at St Clement, marked with runes with Danish features, provides evidence of a Viking population here that was still in touch with Denmark.
Lincolnshire was at the heart of Danelaw: the area of the country under Danish rule following the treaty of King Alfred and Guthrum of 886AD. Lincoln was one of the Five Boroughs of Danelaw: the most important Danish towns at this time, located in the East Midlands, as is evident still in many placenames, such as Danesgate (“street of the Danes”) and villages with names ending in "by" (farmstead) and "thorpe" (hamlet).
Map showing the extent of Danelaw in the UK, with the Five Boroughs of Danelaw: the East Midlands towns of Lincoln, Stamford, Leicester, Nottingham and Derby.
Click to enlarge.
Pope Clement I of Rome.11th Century Mosaic from St. Sophia of Kyiv, Ukraine
Saint Clement of Rome
A first century Bishop and Pope in Rome, he lived from about 35AD to 99AD. Stories about Clement were well known in Anglo-Saxon Britain. According to legend he was banished from Rome to a Greek colony on the Crimean Peninsula, where the prisoners were suffering from a lack of water. A lamb is said to have shown Clement where to strike a rock with his staff and make a fountain of clean well water spring forth, a miracle that converted the witnesses to Christianity. He was then made a martyr by being thrown off a boat into the Black Sea tied to an anchor. After his drowning followers prayed that his resting place be revealed to them, once a year on the anniversary, the waves receded to allow access to the stone temple where his remains rested. Then a further miracle was attributed to him when a boy was said to have been engulfed by the returning waves was, a year later when the waves parted again, he was retrieved safe and well by his mother.
Saint Clement Striking the Rock by Bernardino Fungai
The Martyrdom of Saint Clement by Bernardino Fungai
The Miracle of the Boy in Clement's Temple, 9th century Wall painting in
Basilica of San Clemente, Rome
Because of belief in these watery miracles associated with Clement, he became popular with seafarers, fishermen, merchants and coastal communities, seeing in him powers to help avoid dangers of inundation. His attribute, the symbol which he’s usually depicted with, is an anchor, which helped the illiterate population identify him, being familiar with the story of his martyrdom. It was a symbol of hope, associated with safety for mariners in danger of drowning, though St. Nicholas became a more popular seafarer’s saint in the 12th Century. His famous metal anchor also made him a patron saint for blacksmiths.
His remains were meant to have been found, with an anchor in 860 AD. His head was taken to Kyiv in Ukraine, where it was worshiped in a shrine for two and a half centuries.
Knut depicted in the late thirteenth-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings
King Canute (Knut)
The King who built up an empire around the North Sea, ruled a unified English kingdom from 1016 to his death in 1035. Well known for the fictional fable (written 100 years after his death) in which he tries to hold back the tides and commands the incoming waves of the sea to holt, to demonstrate that no one, not even a king, is all-powerful. Now more properly known by his Danish name of Knut.
At the time of expansion of his North Sea Empire, the cult of St Clement was already important to his Norwegian rivals, and known through written legends in Britain as a saint important to seafarers. So, it was advantageous for Knut to also adopt St Clement as an important religious figure for his Anglo-Danish Empire, which relied on dominating the seaways, as conquerors, then administrators. It strengthened Knut’s association with his followers in maritime communities who looked to Clement as protector. He visited Rome in 1027, and may have brought back a relic of St. Clement, thus strengthening his connection to the saint that was so revered by the people he sought to rule. Many churches dedicated to St. Clement were established in Scandinavia and Britain, especially around the North Sea, before and during this time.
Map of King Canute's Empire: 1016-1035
Relics
In those days a church was often founded around a relic of a saint after which they were named, an object, like a bone, which were kept in the building. There were said to be 8 relics of St. Clement in English Cathedrals in the 11th century, including one at Lincoln. But a coastal Lincolnshire church in these times had subjective reasons to dedicate a new church to Clement (no need for an actual object), the cult around his personality and associations with protective powers would have been appealing to the coastal Danelaw community.
St. Clement Churches on the Lincolnshire Coast
Lincolnshire has the greatest number of rural churches dedicated to Clement in England with seven. Skegness, Sutton-on-Sea, Saltfleetby and Grainthorpe all have churches dedicated to St Clement and all lie in a maritime zone where there was considerable reclamation due to salt production and the build-up of salterns. The single village of Saltfleetby (as listed in the Domesday book) soon became three parishes, suggesting a very rapid growth in population and wealth in the locality. St Clement could have been an attractive patron for these maritime communities because they were primarily traders, transporting salt by boat to market, rather than just salt makers.
Perhaps more importantly, our poorly drained landscape was largely marshland for much of the year, and prone to flooding and inundation. For those who lived in a situation where there was an ever-present danger of drowning, it would have been desirable to turn to the saint who was considered to have special protective powers against drowning, and to honour them as patron of your church.
The location of all the 11th Century Churches in England that are dedicated to St. Clement
Rebuilding the Church
The Morning Post, London,
Friday 19th June 1885, The Church Building Society give grant of £40 towards the rebuilding of St Clement's on a new site
In 1885 the church was described as: "a small building of stone, very much mutilated, and repaired with brick, in the Early English style, and dating from about 1225: it consists of chancel, nave, north aisle, south porch and a tower containing 3 bells: in 1841 the lead was taken off the roof, the timbers shortened and covered with slates, and the church was restored in 1877: it had originally both north and south aisles, but the latter has been destroyed: the remaining aisle is separated from the nave by a very beautiful arcade of five arches".
As well as being dilapidated, it was also said to be in an “Inconvenient position”, so in 1885-86 it was taken down and a new church built on a fresh site, near the main road, using the original Ancaster stone. The site of the old church and churchyard was still used for interments, and a new churchyard was formed and consecrated. The project was led by the rector, Rev. Henry Usher, at a cost of £2,300. A grant of £40 was received from the Church Building Society, the rest he mostly paid himself. He employed prestigious Lincoln architect William Mortimer and had 5 new bells cast by Taylors of Loughborough. Decorative tiling was made by Maw and Co of Shropshire.
Loughborough Bell Foundry
Bells were first cast in Loughborough in the 14th Century. In 1839 John Taylor (1797–1858), following on from the work of his father Robert, established the Taylor's foundry. It moved to its current site in 1859 where they have cast more than 25,000 bells that are hung in over 100 countries around the world, including nearly every cathedral in Britain. It is the world's largest working bell foundry, still making bells today.
The Nottinghamshire Guardian Friday 5th March 1886, Clergymen have a tour of the Loughborough Bell foundry where a new bell for Saltfleetby is being cast.
Maw & Co Tile Makers
Established in 1850 by George Maw and his brother Arthur in Worcester, moving to Shropshire in 1862. During the 1880s working from a new purpose-built factory in Jackfield, they were the world’s largest producer of ceramic tiles, supplying more than 20 million pieces a year. Specialising in earthenware encaustic tiles (where the different colours in the design are made by the use of different coloured clays) as well as mosaic, printed and hand painted designs which decorated many grand Victorian public buildings and homes. Though closed down in 1970 they were re-established in 2001 and are still making replica Victorian tiles using the traditional methods.
The Architect: William Mortimer
William Mortimer was born in Terrington, Yorkshire in 1841 the eldest son of David (a farmer) and mother Mary from Lincoln. The family moved to Lincoln when he was a child where his father worked as a maltster and spirits merchant. Here he attended Christ's Hospital School and worked as an architect and surveyor since his teens. He also played cricket for Lincolnshire against the All England Team in 1861 and 1862. In 1866 he married Frances Harrison, daughter of a baker and corn merchant from Boston. They lived at Walnut House, Motherby Hill, Lincoln and had one son, William in 1868, who also became an architect and later went into partnership with his father as W. Mortimer and Son.
He is well known for many public buildings still in use today in and around Lincoln, often in an ornate Victorian brick style, such as Mint St. Baptist Church, Lincoln Racecourse grandstand, The Turk’s Head Pub, Newport, Lloyds Bank on the High Street and the old Co-op in Market Rasen. He died in 1913.
Rt.Rev. Edward King (1829 – 1910), Bishop of Lincoln from 1885-1910
Sheffield and Rotherham Independent Saturday 28th Aug 1886, report on the opening of the new St Clement's Church
The New Church
Built in Early English style consisted of a chancel, nave, north aide, porch, vestry and a tower to house the 5 new bells. Inside the arcade of the old church with five arches were re-set identically in the new structure, seating 130 people. It was adorned with stained glass windows and mural pictures in tile work, illustrating the Passion and Purity of Christ. Rev. Usher personally contributed his own art work to some of the decorative work.
Opening
The new church was opened on 26th August 1886 by the Bishop of Lincoln, Rt.Rev. Edward King, who consecrated the new church. Rev. Usher and his son in-law, Rev. Swithinbank also took part in the well-attended opening services.
Rev. Henry Usher and Family, Rector at St Clement's from 1867 to 1889
From a Creative Lincoln Family
Born in 1817, the son of James Usher a cabinet maker of St Swithin’s parish, Lincoln. His brother James was a jeweller and watchmaker who founded Usher’s Jewellery shop in Lincoln in 1837, which is still trading on Guildhall Street. James’s son James Ward Usher took over the family business in 1874 and in the 1880s popularised “The Lincoln Imp”, a statue in Lincoln Cathedral, by reproducing its image on a diverse range of souvenirs such as cuff-links, tie-pins, brooches, ear rings and spoons, which were sold in the shop. The Imp remains a recognisable symbol of the city today, used for the logo of the County Council, and Lincoln City Football Club. The Usher Gallery in Lincoln was built to house his extensive collection of art and antiques acquired with the fortune made from Imp merchandise. Meanwhile his uncle Henry was busy rebuilding the dilapidated medieval parish church of Saltfleetby St Clement, largely at his own expense.
Two examples of the Lincoln Imp jewellery made by James Ward Usher of Lincoln, Rev Henry Usher's nephew.
The Newcastle Daily Journal, Friday 14th June 1867 Rev. Usher is appointed Rector of St Clement's
A recent photograph of James Usher's jewellery shop on Guildhall Street, off the High Street, Lincoln. Established in 1837 by Henry Usher's brother, James, still trading today, now run by H L Brown Jewellers.
Entry into Holy Orders
Henry Usher studied at University College London, and St Bees in Cumbria, the first independent theological college to be established for the training of Church of England ordinands, which was based at St Bees Priory from 1816 to 1895. Previously working as the curate of Oddington, then Broadwell in Gloucestershire, he came to Saltfleetby in June 1867 to be Rector of St Clement's, taking over from the previous incumbent Rev. W.J. Williams. Along with his wife Alvira (born in Holbeach in 1820) and 16 year old daughter Selina Louisa, he moved into St. Clement's Rectory.
Not only did he rescue the building but personally painted the church windows, presenting a paper entitled ‘Glass Painting’ to the Lincoln Diocesan Architectural Society in 1871
Robbery and Vandalism at the Rectory
On 17th February 1888, while Rev. and Mrs Usher were away leaving Annie and Jane Fatchett (age 19 and 20) to look after the Rectory, they returned to find that they had let in three 20 year old lads, who all ransacked the house while partying. Whilst drunk they caused damage and took 30 bottles of wine (mostly 1870 port), consumed and destroyed. They peaded guilty, one adding that they were too drunk to remember what had happened. They were fined £3 each.
Nottingham Evening Post Thu 15th March 1888, The sentencing of the youths who caused damage while partying at St Clement's Rectory while the Ushers were away .
Rev. Usher appointed to the Rectory of Snitterby, Lincs, reported in Retford and Gainsborough Times, Worksop and Newark Weekly News Fri, Jul 26, 1889
Move to a New Parish and death of Alvira
In July 1889, he left Saltfleetby to became the rector of Snitterby (near Caister), where parishoners had waited four months before finding a successor to their previous rector.
Alvira died suddenly in November 1890 age 71. She was interred at a family vault in St Clement's. He dedicated a new window in memory to her, depicting the crucifixion on the east of Snitterby Church, with a memorial brass on the north wall inscribed with her name and dates. Henry remarried on 18th August 1891 to widow Mary Ann Chapman (nee George from Laverton, Nottinghamshire, formerly married to William Chapman of Wintringham, Lincolnshire). Henry died at the age of 79 on 7 December 1896.
Nottingham Evening Post Friday 13th March 1891, Rev. Usher dedicates a highly artist east window in Snitterby Church to his late wife Alvira
Son-in-law, Rev. John E. Swithinbank takes over at St Clement's
Their daughter Selina married the Rev. John Edwin Swithinbank (born 1851 in Armley, Yorkshire), a student at Queen’s College Oxford, moving to Headington, Oxfordshire and Mildenhall, Suffolk before, returning to The Rectory in Saltfleetby St Clement in 1889, with their four children (Kathleen, Francis, Selwyn and Clement). They had a further two children in Saltfleetby: Gladys and Theodore.
After John’s death in 1897 aged 47, Selina and her family moved to Yorkshire, where during hard times, Theodore spend some time in an orphanage in Halifax. The family were living together again in Leeds in 1911. In old age she continued to live with her daughter Gladys and her husband in Bradford. Selina died in 1944 in Manchester at the age of 93.
Notice of Rev. John Swithinbank's appointment as Rector of St Clements in The Derbyshire Advertiser and Ashbourne, Uttoxeter and North Staffordshire Journal
Friday 18th Oct 1889
Lincolnshire Echo Wednesday 8th Sep 1897 The death of Rev. John E. Swithinbank at the age of 45.
St Clement's Church in July 1898
Rev. William Hutchins Rector of St Clement's from 1898 to 1906
After the death of Rev. Swithinbank, Rev William Hutchins, who had been the rector of All Saints, Saltfleetby since August 1867, took on the role of rector of St Clement's as well. He continued to live at the Rectory, All Saints with his second wife Susannah and children from his first marriage to the late Elizabeth Proby. He died on 23rd December 1906.
Guardian, London, Wednesday 16th Mar 1898, Rev W. H. Hutchins, Rector of All Saints Saltfleetby, appointed new rector of St Clement's
Rev. Tom Watson, Rector of St Clement's 1907 - 1924
Grimsby Daily Telegraph Saturday 8th January 1910 A young offender, guilty of breaking into a house, is taken-in on probation by Rev. Watson to continue working as a servant in the Rectory
Wed 7th Jun 1911 Members of the 5th Batt. Lincs. Regt. who are at a camp at Saltfleet, attend "an excellent sermon" preached by Rev. T. Watson at church in Saltfleetby.
Grimsby Daily Telegraph Thu 9th Sept 1909 Rev. Watson is fined 10 shillings for keeping a servant without proper licence
Tom Watson was born in Durham, Sunderland in 1857. His parents were Robert Hollings Watson (1830-1901) a brickmaker from Bradford and his wife Annie from Halifax, Yorkshire. He grew up in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland with three brothers and four sisters. He earned a Licence in Theology at University College Durham, and went on to work as the curate of St Mary’s, Bootle in Lancashire. On 29th August 1889 he married Sarah Wainwright Burrows (born 1869) from Bootle, the daughter of Peter Burrows, a parish clerk and Esther Burrows (nee Trench). After serving as curate at other parishes including Worthenbury, Flintshire, and of Carbrook and Emmanuel Churches in Sheffield, he was appointed rector of St Clement's in 1907. They lived at the Rectory with their five sons: Robert, Philip, Everal, Thomas and Verdon.
Liverpool Post and Mercury
Monday 9th October 1916 Rev. Watson suggests that Yorkshire dialect writer John Hartley should be commemorated with a biography
Liverpool Post and Mercury Monday 20th November 1916 Rev Watson attempts to establish an annual Yorkshire Day.
Lincolnshire Echo Mon 3rd Apr 1922 Rev. Dr. Watson is made Freeman of City of London
Proud Yorkshire Heritage
Proud of his Yorkshire heritage, and boasting of being descended from an old Yorkshire family, Rev. Watson advocated for the preservation of the Yorkshire dialect. He wrote letters in praise of the work of prolific Yorkshire dialect writer John Harley. He also suggested the establishment of an annual Yorkshire Day, so people of Yorkshire decent all over the world would be able to have a special commemorative day to celebrate their heritage.
The Christian Counter Communist Crusade
In 1922 he tried to lead a “crusade campaign” against communism, atheism and prolitarianism in North East England. He was made a freeman of the City of London in April 1922. He died in 1924 at the age of 67.
The North Star, Darlington, Thursday 20th April 1922: Rev. Watson posts a proclamation to recruit supporters to his anti-communist campaign.
Reverend R. G. C. Carr-Gregg, Rector of Saltfleetby St. Clement's from 1924 to 1964
Rev. Robert Gordon Cromwell Carr-Gregg (1878-1964) and his wife Sarah Jane, nee Pride (1886-1955) first came to Saltfleetby in 1924 . They were tireless, fundraisers, dedicated to the church and determined to leave St Clement's in a better state. Descended from an extraordinary family, he claimed both Oliver Cromwell and Jane Lane, who was famous for rescuing King Charles II, as ancestors.! There are too many stories and anecdotes about their lives and experiences in Saltfleetby to fit in here, so for more details please see:
Rev. Robert Gordon Cromwell Carr-Gregg (1878-1964), Rector of Saltfleetby St. Clement's from 1924 to 1964
Mrs. Sarah Jane Carr-Gregg (1886-1955), Rector's wife and charity campaigner.
A New Lych Gate, April 1930
A crowd of 2,000 people turned up to take part in the celebration of the new lych gate leading to St. Clement’s churchyard on 24th April 1930, during Easter week. The whole thing was organised by Mrs Carr-Gregg whose efforts paid for the new gate, which was made by local village carpenter Mr Webster. The Bishop of Lincoln performed the dedication ceremony and Rev. Carr-Gregg conducted the service to a packed church. There was a festive atmosphere with bands from the Louth, Grimsby, Lincoln and Skegness Salvation Army playing, and attractions to entertain the crowd including a concert party from Cleethorpes. An ox had been roasting since 10am in the neighbouring field, which Mrs Carr-Gregg carved the first slices from at 5pm, helpings of which were sent to Louth hospital and the Poor Law, as well as being served in sandwiches to the crowd.
Grimsby Daily Telegraph, Friday 25th April 1930. The dedication of the new Lych Gate at St. Clement's Churchyard.
Bishop of Lincoln, William Swayne (1862–1941) who dedicated the new Lych Gate in 1930
St. Clement's Lych Gate in 2023
Church Break-ins, November 1932
On Wednesday 9th November 1932 two young men from Covenham broke into St Clement’s Church by smashing a stain glass window depicting the crucifixion. They were intending to take the money from the collection box, but it only contained 2d. The offertory box itself was worth more than its contents. It was torn from the wall and deposited in a dyke. In the same night they also forced a window at Gayton-le-Marsh church but found nothing there to take. At Strubby church they drank some sacrificial wine, took half a crown, a few coppers and another bottle of wine.
They were caught and appeared at Louth Police court two weeks later, charged with breaking and entering St Clement’s Church. Thomas Maxley (21) admitted climbing on the roof, pulling the wire guard away and kicking the glass in, for which he expressed sorrow, saying that he hoped God would forgive him. The other, Thomas Maltson (20) said he waited outside while Maxley climbed in, also confessing to going to other churches. The pair were committed for trial at the next Lindsey Quarter Sessions, which took place in January 1933. At the trial they pleaded guilty to the charges, totalling thirteen thefts from churches in the area between 6th and 11th November 1932. It was estimated that they did about £20 worth of damage though only got 2d in cash whilst committing sacrilege by breaking into a church. They were both bound over and placed on probation for three years.
Grimsby Evening Telegraph Friday 11th Nov 1932 Thieves desecrate local churches
Grimsby Evening Telegraph Wed 23rd Nov 1932 The two men who broke into numerous local churches give statements at Louth Police Court.
A New Window Dedicated to memory of local farmer, Herbert Taylor
In 1959 and new stained glass window was installed in St Clement's in memory of farmer, Herbert Taylor of Gowt's Farm who died in an accident the year before. The Bishop of Lincoln, Kenneth Riches, came to perform the dedication on Sunday 26th April 1959, to a full congregation, with Rev. Carr-Gregg leading the service, and the choir of All Saints performing an anthem from "The Crucifixion" by John Stainer.
Grimsby Evening Telegraph, Friday 10th April 1959 Notice for the visit of the Bishop of Lincoln to St Clement's Church where he will dedicate the new window.
Herbert Taylor was born on 16 February 1883 in Muckton, the third of nine children His mother Mary Ann was from Huttoft, and his father John from Sutton-on-Sea, was an agricultural labourer. They moved on to North Reston where John ran a farm and Herbert worked as wagoner. The family moved to Gowt's Farm in Saltfleetby St Clement in the 1900s when Herbert was in his early 20s. He remained living at Gowt's Farm, for the rest of his life with his wife Mrs. Eva M. Taylor and other members of the family, running the farm until his death on 28th January 1958 at the age of 74.
Grimsby Evening Telegraph, Wednesday 29th April 1959 The sermon to dedicate the new window, conducted by Rev. Carr-Gregg and preached by the Bishop of Lincoln, at St Clement's Church.
The Closure of St. Clement's Church
One Rector for All Three Saltfleetby Churches
In 1964, after the death of Rev. Carr-Gregg, the Rector of the other two churches in Saltfleetby, Rev. Keith Jones, took on the extra responsibility of St Clement's as well.
Patural Redundancy
The Diocese of Lincoln declared St. Clement's Church redundant in November 1973. In July of 1977 it was opened as a craft workshop and display centre. It has since been used as a restaurant, and is now being converted into a private dwelling. The graveyard is still accessible via the Lych gate that was paid for by Mrs Carr-Gregg in 1930.
Photographs of Saltfleetby Saint Clement's Church, taken on 23rd May 1973 for Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, National Monuments Record.
References
Picture Credits
St Clements Church in about 2012, by Jill Kennett, Photo ID: 637829896
St. Clement of Rome. Mosaic of Sophia of Kyiv, https://st-sophia.org.ua/en/news/december-8-remembrance-of-st-clement-of-rome/
The Martyrdom of Saint Clement by Bernardino Fungai (1460–1516) in York Art Gallery https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-martyrdom-of-saint-clement-7755
Saint Clement Striking the Rock, Bernardino Fungai (1460–1516) York Art Gallery https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/saint-clement-striking-the-rock-7753
The Miracle of the Boy in Clement's Temple, 9th century Wall painting Basilica of San Clemente, Rome https://www.christianiconography.info/Wikimedia%20Commons/clementBoyUndrowned.html
Dominions of Cnut 1014-1035 University of Texas at Austin. Historical Atlas by William Shepherd (1923-26) by .Hel-hama https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw#/media/File:Cnut_lands.svg
Cnut in the late thirteenth-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut#/media/File:Cnut_Cyning.png
Edward King by Samuel Alexander Walker, printed by Waterlow & Sons Ltd, carbon print, published September 1889, NPG Ax38337, © National Portrait Gallery, London, https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp86924/edward-king
James Usher Shop, Lincoln www.hl-brown.co.uk/james-usher-luxury-jewellery-watches-and-gift-in-lincoln/
Silver Lincoln Imp: Lincolnshire Echo/James Turner, "The Lincoln jeweller known as the 'Imp man' who gave the city a symbol and made a brooch for the Prince of Wales", Lincolnshire Live: www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/lincoln-jeweller-known-imp-man-5541692
Gold Lincoln Imp Brooch: Fergus Jeffs ,22 March 2019, The Story Behind The Usher Gallery: www.lsjnews.co.uk/the-story-behind-the-usher-gallery-what-does-this-place-mean-to-the-city-of-lincoln/
St Clements in 1898 by Alfred Newton and Sons, Historic England Reference:AA97/05719, https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/AA97/05719
Thanks to Colin and Mandy Wood for letting me use their photos of Rev. and Mrs Carr-Gregg from ancestry.com
Bishop William Shuckburgh Swaine by Walter Stoneman, bromide print, 1924, NPG x162458 © National Portrait Gallery, London
Royal Commission Photos 1973 from Historic England: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/englands-places/gallery/7282?place=Saltfleetby+St+Clement%2c+Lincolnshire+(Place)&terms=saltfleetby&searchtype=englandsplaces&i=1&wm=1&bc=2|3
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw
Barbara Crawford, 2008, The Churches Dedicated to St Clement in Medieval England: a Hagio-Geography of the Seafarer’s Saint in 11th Century North Europe, book published by Axioma
John Hines, A glimpse of the heathen Norse in Lincolnshire,in Crossing Boundaries, edited by Eric Cambridge and Jane Hawkes, published by Oxbow Books 2017, Oxford & Philadelphia, www.oxbowbooks.com
Jessica Brain: The Five Boroughs of Danelaw, Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Five-Boroughs-Of-Danelaw/
Danelaw: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw
King Cnut: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut
Clement of Rome: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Rome
Kelley's Directories for Lincolnshire 1885 and 1905
William Mortimer, Architect of Lincoln: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mortimer_(architect)
John Taylor & Co of Loughborough: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co
Loughborough Bell Foundry Trust https://belltrust.co.uk/about/
Taylor Bells of Loughborough: https://www.taylorbells.co.uk/about-us
Maws & Co of Shopshire, Tile Makers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maw_%26_Co